Defaults/readme.md

# Defaults

> Swifty and modern [UserDefaults](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/userdefaults)

Store key-value pairs persistently across launches of your app.

It uses `NSUserDefaults` underneath but exposes a type-safe facade with lots of nice conveniences.

It's used in production by apps like [Gifski](https://github.com/sindresorhus/Gifski), [Dato](https://sindresorhus.com/dato), [Lungo](https://sindresorhus.com/lungo), [Battery Indicator](https://sindresorhus.com/battery-indicator), and [HEIC Converter](https://sindresorhus.com/heic-converter).

For a real-world example, see the [Plash app](https://github.com/sindresorhus/Plash/blob/533dbc888d8ba3bd9581e60320af282a22c53f85/Plash/Constants.swift#L9-L18).

## Highlights

- **Strongly typed:** You declare the type and default value upfront.
- **Codable support:** You can store any [Codable](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/swift/codable) value, like an enum.
- **NSSecureCoding support:** You can store any [NSSecureCoding](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nssecurecoding) value.
- **SwiftUI:** Property wrapper that updates the view when the `UserDefaults` value changes.
- **Publishers:** Combine publishers built-in.
- **Observation:** Observe changes to keys.
- **Debuggable:** The data is stored as JSON-serialized values.
- **Customizable:** You can serialize and deserialize your own type in your own way.

## Compatibility

- macOS 10.12+
- iOS 10+
- tvOS 10+
- watchOS 3+

<br>

---

<div align="center">
	<p>
		<p>
			<sup>
				<a href="https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus">Sindre‘s open source work is supported by the community</a>
			</sup>
		</p>
		<sup>Special thanks to:</sup>
		<br>
		<br>
		<a href="https://keygen.sh">
			<div>
				<img src="https://sindresorhus.com/assets/thanks/keygen-logo.svg" width="210" alt="Keygen">
			</div>
			<b>A dead-simple software licensing and distribution API built for developers</b>
		</a>
		<br>
		<br>
	</p>
</div>

---

<br>

## Migration Guides

#### [From v4 to v5](./migration.md)

## Install

Add `https://github.com/sindresorhus/Defaults` in the [“Swift Package Manager” tab in Xcode](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode/adding_package_dependencies_to_your_app).

## Support types

- `Int(8/16/32/64)`
- `UInt(8/16/32/64)`
- `Double`
- `CGFloat`
- `Float`
- `String`
- `Bool`
- `Date`
- `Data`
- `URL`
- `NSColor` (macOS)
- `UIColor` (iOS)
- `Codable`
- `NSSecureCoding`

Defaults also support the above types wrapped in `Array`, `Set`, `Dictionary`, and even wrapped in nested types. For example, `[[String: Set<[String: Int]>]]`.

For more types, see the [enum example](#enum-example), [`Codable` example](#codable-example), or [advanced Usage](#advanced-usage). For more examples, see [Tests/DefaultsTests](./Tests/DefaultsTests).

You can easily add support for any custom type.

If a type conforms to both `NSSecureCoding` and `Codable`, then `Codable` will be used for the serialization.

## Usage

You declare the defaults keys upfront with type and default value.

```swift
import Cocoa
import Defaults

extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let quality = Key<Double>("quality", default: 0.8)
	//            ^            ^         ^                ^
	//           Key          Type   UserDefaults name   Default value
}
```

You can then access it as a subscript on the `Defaults` global:

```swift
Defaults[.quality]
//=> 0.8

Defaults[.quality] = 0.5
//=> 0.5

Defaults[.quality] += 0.1
//=> 0.6

Defaults[.quality] = "🦄"
//=> [Cannot assign value of type 'String' to type 'Double']
```

You can also declare optional keys for when you don't want to declare a default value upfront:

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let name = Key<Double?>("name")
}

if let name = Defaults[.name] {
	print(name)
}
```

The default value is then `nil`.

---

### Enum example

```swift
enum DurationKeys: String, Defaults.Serializable {
	case tenMinutes = "10 Minutes"
	case halfHour = "30 Minutes"
	case oneHour = "1 Hour"
}

extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let defaultDuration = Key<DurationKeys>("defaultDuration", default: .oneHour)
}

Defaults[.defaultDuration].rawValue
//=> "1 Hour"
```

*(This works as long as the raw value of the enum is any of the supported types)*

### Codable example

```swift
struct User: Codable, Defaults.Serializable {
	let name: String
	let age: String
}

extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let user = Key<User>("user", default: .init(name: "Hello", age: "24"))
}

Defaults[.user].name
//=> "Hello"
```

### Use keys directly

You are not required to attach keys to `Defaults.Keys`.

```swift
let isUnicorn = Defaults.Key<Bool>("isUnicorn", default: true)

Defaults[isUnicorn]
//=> true
```

### SwiftUI support

#### `@Default`

You can use the `@Default` property wrapper to get/set a `Defaults` item and also have the view be updated when the value changes. This is similar to `@State`.

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let hasUnicorn = Key<Bool>("hasUnicorn", default: false)
}

struct ContentView: View {
	@Default(.hasUnicorn) var hasUnicorn

	var body: some View {
		Text("Has Unicorn: \(hasUnicorn)")
		Toggle("Toggle", isOn: $hasUnicorn)
		Button("Reset") {
			_hasUnicorn.reset()
		}
	}
}
```

Note that it's `@Default`, not `@Defaults`.

You cannot use `@Default` in an `ObservableObject`. It's meant to be used in a `View`.

#### `Toggle`

There's also a `SwiftUI.Toggle` wrapper that makes it easier to create a toggle based on a `Defaults` key with a `Bool` value.

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let showAllDayEvents = Key<Bool>("showAllDayEvents", default: false)
}

struct ShowAllDayEventsSetting: View {
	var body: some View {
		Defaults.Toggle("Show All-Day Events", key: .showAllDayEvents)
	}
}
```

You can also listen to changes:

```swift
struct ShowAllDayEventsSetting: View {
	var body: some View {
		Defaults.Toggle("Show All-Day Events", key: .showAllDayEvents)
			// Note that this has to be directly attached to `Defaults.Toggle`. It's not `View#onChange()`.
			.onChange {
				print("Value", $0)
			}
	}
}
```

*Requires at least macOS 11, iOS 14, tvOS 14, watchOS 7.*

### Observe changes to a key

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let isUnicornMode = Key<Bool>("isUnicornMode", default: false)
}

let observer = Defaults.observe(.isUnicornMode) { change in
	// Initial event
	print(change.oldValue)
	//=> false
	print(change.newValue)
	//=> false

	// First actual event
	print(change.oldValue)
	//=> false
	print(change.newValue)
	//=> true
}

Defaults[.isUnicornMode] = true
```

In contrast to the native `UserDefaults` key observation, here you receive a strongly-typed change object.

There is also an observation API using the [Combine](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/combine) framework, exposing a [Publisher](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/combine/publisher) for key changes:

```swift
let publisher = Defaults.publisher(.isUnicornMode)

let cancellable = publisher.sink { change in
	// Initial event
	print(change.oldValue)
	//=> false
	print(change.newValue)
	//=> false

	// First actual event
	print(change.oldValue)
	//=> false
	print(change.newValue)
	//=> true
}

Defaults[.isUnicornMode] = true

// To invalidate the observation.
cancellable.cancel()
```

### Invalidate observations automatically

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let isUnicornMode = Key<Bool>("isUnicornMode", default: false)
}

final class Foo {
	init() {
		Defaults.observe(.isUnicornMode) { change in
			print(change.oldValue)
			print(change.newValue)
		}.tieToLifetime(of: self)
	}
}

Defaults[.isUnicornMode] = true
```

The observation will be valid until `self` is deinitialized.

### Reset keys to their default values

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let isUnicornMode = Key<Bool>("isUnicornMode", default: false)
}

Defaults[.isUnicornMode] = true
//=> true

Defaults.reset(.isUnicornMode)

Defaults[.isUnicornMode]
//=> false
```

This works for a `Key` with an optional too, which will be reset back to `nil`.

### Control propagation of change events

Changes made within the `Defaults.withoutPropagation` closure will not be propagated to observation callbacks (`Defaults.observe()` or `Defaults.publisher()`), and therefore could prevent infinite recursion.

```swift
let observer = Defaults.observe(keys: .key1, .key2) {
		// …

		Defaults.withoutPropagation {
			// Update `.key1` without propagating the change to listeners.
			Defaults[.key1] = 11
		}

		// This will be propagated.
		Defaults[.someKey] = true
	}
```

### It's just `UserDefaults` with sugar

This works too:

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let isUnicorn = Key<Bool>("isUnicorn", default: true)
}

UserDefaults.standard[.isUnicorn]
//=> true
```

### Shared `UserDefaults`

```swift
let extensionDefaults = UserDefaults(suiteName: "com.unicorn.app")!

extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let isUnicorn = Key<Bool>("isUnicorn", default: true, suite: extensionDefaults)
}

Defaults[.isUnicorn]
//=> true

// Or

extensionDefaults[.isUnicorn]
//=> true
```

### Default values are registered with `UserDefaults`

When you create a `Defaults.Key`, it automatically registers the `default` value with normal `UserDefaults`. This means you can make use of the default value in, for example, bindings in Interface Builder.

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let isUnicornMode = Key<Bool>("isUnicornMode", default: true)
}

print(UserDefaults.standard.bool(forKey: Defaults.Keys.isUnicornMode.name))
//=> true
```

## API

### `Defaults`

#### `Defaults.Keys`

Type: `class`

Stores the keys.

#### `Defaults.Key` _(alias `Defaults.Keys.Key`)_

```swift
Defaults.Key<T>(_ key: String, default: T, suite: UserDefaults = .standard)
```

Type: `class`

Create a key with a default value.

The default value is written to the actual `UserDefaults` and can be used elsewhere. For example, with a Interface Builder binding.

#### `Defaults.Serializable`

```swift
public protocol DefaultsSerializable {
	typealias Value = Bridge.Value
	typealias Serializable = Bridge.Serializable
	associatedtype Bridge: Defaults.Bridge

	static var bridge: Bridge { get }
}
```

Type: `protocol`

Types that conform to this protocol can be used with `Defaults`.

The type should have a static variable `bridge` which should reference an instance of a type that conforms to `Defaults.Bridge`.

#### `Defaults.Bridge`

```swift
public protocol DefaultsBridge {
	associatedtype Value
	associatedtype Serializable

	func serialize(_ value: Value?) -> Serializable?
	func deserialize(_ object: Serializable?) -> Value?
}
```

Type: `protocol`

A `Bridge` is responsible for serialization and deserialization.

It has two associated types `Value` and `Serializable`.

- `Value`: The type you want to use.
- `Serializable`: The type stored in `UserDefaults`.
- `serialize`: Executed before storing to the `UserDefaults` .
- `deserialize`: Executed after retrieving its value from the `UserDefaults`.

#### `Defaults.AnySerializable`

```swift
Defaults.AnySerializable<Value: Defaults.Serializable>(_ value: Value)
```

Type: `class`

Type-erased wrapper for `Defaults.Serializable` values.

- `get<Value: Defaults.Serializable>() -> Value?`: Retrieve the value which type is `Value` from UserDefaults.
- `get<Value: Defaults.Serializable>(_: Value.Type) -> Value?`: Specify the `Value` you want to retrieve. This can be useful in some ambiguous cases.
- `set<Value: Defaults.Serializable>(_ newValue: Value)`: Set a new value for `Defaults.AnySerializable`.

#### `Defaults.reset(keys…)`

Type: `func`

Reset the given keys back to their default values.

You can also specify string keys, which can be useful if you need to store some keys in a collection, as it's not possible to store `Defaults.Key` in a collection because it's generic.

#### `Defaults.observe`

```swift
Defaults.observe<T: Codable>(
	_ key: Defaults.Key<T>,
	options: ObservationOptions = [.initial],
	handler: @escaping (KeyChange<T>) -> Void
) -> Defaults.Observation
```

Type: `func`

Observe changes to a key or an optional key.

By default, it will also trigger an initial event on creation. This can be useful for setting default values on controls. You can override this behavior with the `options` argument.

#### `Defaults.observe(keys: keys..., options:)`

Type: `func`

Observe multiple keys of any type, but without any information about the changes.

Options are the same as in `.observe(…)` for a single key.

#### `Defaults.publisher(_ key:, options:)`

```swift
Defaults.publisher<T: Codable>(
	_ key: Defaults.Key<T>,
	options: ObservationOptions = [.initial]
) -> AnyPublisher<KeyChange<T>, Never>
```

Type: `func`

Observation API using [Publisher](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/combine/publisher) from the [Combine](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/combine) framework.

Available on macOS 10.15+, iOS 13.0+, tvOS 13.0+, and watchOS 6.0+.

#### `Defaults.publisher(keys: keys…, options:)`

Type: `func`

[Combine](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/combine) observation API for multiple key observation, but without specific information about changes.

Available on macOS 10.15+, iOS 13.0+, tvOS 13.0+, and watchOS 6.0+.

#### `Defaults.removeAll`

```swift
Defaults.removeAll(suite: UserDefaults = .standard)
```

Type: `func`

Remove all entries from the given `UserDefaults` suite.

### `Defaults.Observation`

Type: `protocol`

Represents an observation of a defaults key.

#### `Defaults.Observation#invalidate`

```swift
Defaults.Observation#invalidate()
```

Type: `func`

Invalidate the observation.

#### `Defaults.Observation#tieToLifetime`

```swift
@discardableResult
Defaults.Observation#tieToLifetime(of weaklyHeldObject: AnyObject) -> Self
```

Type: `func`

Keep the observation alive for as long as, and no longer than, another object exists.

When `weaklyHeldObject` is deinitialized, the observation is invalidated automatically.

#### `Defaults.Observation.removeLifetimeTie`

```swift
Defaults.Observation#removeLifetimeTie()
```

Type: `func`

Break the lifetime tie created by `tieToLifetime(of:)`, if one exists.

The effects of any call to `tieToLifetime(of:)` are reversed. Note however that if the tied-to object has already died, then the observation is already invalid and this method has no logical effect.

#### `Defaults.withoutPropagation(_ closure:)`

Execute the closure without triggering change events.

Any `Defaults` key changes made within the closure will not propagate to `Defaults` event listeners (`Defaults.observe()` and `Defaults.publisher()`). This can be useful to prevent infinite recursion when you want to change a key in the callback listening to changes for the same key.

#### `Defaults.migrate(keys..., to: Version)`

```swift
Defaults.migrate<T: Defaults.Serializable & Codable>(keys..., to: Version)
Defaults.migrate<T: Defaults.NativeType>(keys..., to: Version)
```

Type: `func`

Migrate the given keys to the specific version.

### `@Default(_ key:)`

Get/set a `Defaults` item and also have the SwiftUI view be updated when the value changes.

### Advanced

#### `Defaults.CollectionSerializable`

```swift
public protocol DefaultsCollectionSerializable: Collection, Defaults.Serializable {
	init(_ elements: [Element])
}
```

Type: `protocol`

A `Collection` which can store into the native `UserDefaults`.

It should have an initializer `init(_ elements: [Element])` to let `Defaults` do the de-serialization.

#### `Defaults.SetAlgebraSerializable`

```swift
public protocol DefaultsSetAlgebraSerializable: SetAlgebra, Defaults.Serializable {
	func toArray() -> [Element]
}
```

Type: `protocol`

A `SetAlgebra` which can store into the native `UserDefaults`.

It should have a function `func toArray() -> [Element]` to let `Defaults` do the serialization.

## Advanced usage

### Custom types

Although `Defaults` already has built-in support for many types, you might need to be able to use your own custom type. The below guide will show you how to make your own custom type work with `Defaults`.

1. Create your own custom type.

```swift
struct User {
	let name: String
	let age: String
}
```

2. Create a bridge that conforms to `Defaults.Bridge`, which is responsible for handling serialization and deserialization.

```swift
struct UserBridge: Defaults.Bridge {
	typealias Value = User
	typealias Serializable = [String: String]

	public func serialize(_ value: Value?) -> Serializable? {
		guard let value = value else {
			return nil
		}

		return [
			"name": value.name,
			"age": value.age
		]
	}

	public func deserialize(_ object: Serializable?) -> Value? {
		guard
			let object = object,
			let name = object["name"],
			let age = object["age"]
		else {
			return nil
		}

		return User(
			name: name,
			age: age
		)
	}
}
```

3. Create an extension of `User` that conforms to `Defaults.Serializable`. Its static bridge should be the bridge we created above.

```swift
struct User {
	let name: String
	let age: String
}

extension User: Defaults.Serializable {
	static let bridge = UserBridge()
}
```

4. Create some keys and enjoy it.

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let user = Defaults.Key<User>("user", default: User(name: "Hello", age: "24"))
	static let arrayUser = Defaults.Key<[User]>("arrayUser", default: [User(name: "Hello", age: "24")])
	static let setUser = Defaults.Key<Set<User>>("user", default: Set([User(name: "Hello", age: "24")]))
	static let dictionaryUser = Defaults.Key<[String: User]>("dictionaryUser", default: ["user": User(name: "Hello", age: "24")])
}

Defaults[.user].name //=> "Hello"
Defaults[.arrayUser][0].name //=> "Hello"
Defaults[.setUser].first?.name //=> "Hello"
Defaults[.dictionaryUser]["user"]?.name //=> "Hello"
```

### Dynamic value

There might be situations where you want to use `[String: Any]` directly, but `Defaults` need its values to conform to `Defaults.Serializable`. The type-eraser `Defaults.AnySerializable` helps overcome this limitation.

`Defaults.AnySerializable` is only available for values that conform to `Defaults.Serializable`.

Warning: The type-eraser should only be used when there's no other way to handle it because it has much worse performance. It should only be used in wrapped types. For example, wrapped in `Array`, `Set` or `Dictionary`.

#### Primitive type

`Defaults.AnySerializable` conforms to `ExpressibleByStringLiteral`, `ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral`, `ExpressibleByFloatLiteral`, `ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral`, `ExpressibleByNilLiteral`, `ExpressibleByArrayLiteral`, and `ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral`.

Which means you can assign these primitive types directly:

```swift
let any = Defaults.Key<Defaults.AnySerializable>("anyKey", default: 1)
Defaults[any] = "🦄"
```

#### Other types

##### Using `get` and `set`

For other types, you will have to assign it like this:

```swift
enum mime: String, Defaults.Serializable {
	case JSON = "application/json"
	case STREAM = "application/octet-stream"
}

let any = Defaults.Key<Defaults.AnySerializable>("anyKey", default: [Defaults.AnySerializable(mime.JSON)])

if let mimeType: mime = Defaults[any].get() {
	print(mimeType.rawValue)
	//=> "application/json"
}

Defaults[any].set(mime.STREAM)

if let mimeType: mime = Defaults[any].get() {
	print(mimeType.rawValue)
	//=> "application/octet-stream"
}
```

#### Wrapped in `Array`, `Set`, or `Dictionary`

`Defaults.AnySerializable` also support the above types wrapped in `Array`, `Set`, `Dictionary`.

Here is the example for `[String: Defaults.AnySerializable]`:

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let magic = Key<[String: Defaults.AnySerializable]>("magic", default: [:])
}

enum mime: String, Defaults.Serializable {
	case JSON = "application/json"
}

// …
Defaults[.magic]["unicorn"] = "🦄"

if let value: String = Defaults[.magic]["unicorn"]?.get() {
	print(value)
	//=> "🦄"
}

Defaults[.magic]["number"] = 3
Defaults[.magic]["boolean"] = true
Defaults[.magic]["enum"] = Defaults.AnySerializable(mime.JSON)

if let mimeType: mime = Defaults[.magic]["enum"]?.get() {
	print(mimeType.rawValue)
	//=> "application/json"
}
```

For more examples, see [Tests/DefaultsAnySerializableTests](./Tests/DefaultsTests/DefaultsAnySeriliazableTests.swift).

### Custom `Collection` type

1. Create your `Collection` and make its elements conform to `Defaults.Serializable`.

```swift
struct Bag<Element: Defaults.Serializable>: Collection {
	var items: [Element]

	var startIndex: Int { items.startIndex }
	var endIndex: Int { items.endIndex }

	mutating func insert(element: Element, at: Int) {
		items.insert(element, at: at)
	}

	func index(after index: Int) -> Int {
		items.index(after: index)
	}

	subscript(position: Int) -> Element {
		items[position]
	}
}
```

2. Create an extension of `Bag` that conforms to `Defaults.CollectionSerializable`.

```swift
extension Bag: Defaults.CollectionSerializable {
	init(_ elements: [Element]) {
		self.items = elements
	}
}
```

3. Create some keys and enjoy it.

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let stringBag = Key<Bag<String>>("stringBag", default: Bag(["Hello", "World!"]))
}

Defaults[.stringBag][0] //=> "Hello"
Defaults[.stringBag][1] //=> "World!"
```

### Custom `SetAlgebra` type

1. Create your `SetAlgebra` and make its elements conform to `Defaults.Serializable & Hashable`

```swift
struct SetBag<Element: Defaults.Serializable & Hashable>: SetAlgebra {
	var store = Set<Element>()

	init() {}

	init(_ store: Set<Element>) {
		self.store = store
	}

	func contains(_ member: Element) -> Bool {
		store.contains(member)
	}

	func union(_ other: SetBag) -> SetBag {
		SetBag(store.union(other.store))
	}

	func intersection(_ other: SetBag) -> SetBag {
		var setBag = SetBag()
		setBag.store = store.intersection(other.store)
		return setBag
	}

	func symmetricDifference(_ other: SetBag) -> SetBag {
		var setBag = SetBag()
		setBag.store = store.symmetricDifference(other.store)
		return setBag
	}

	@discardableResult
	mutating func insert(_ newMember: Element) -> (inserted: Bool, memberAfterInsert: Element) {
		store.insert(newMember)
	}

	mutating func remove(_ member: Element) -> Element? {
		store.remove(member)
	}

	mutating func update(with newMember: Element) -> Element? {
		store.update(with: newMember)
	}

	mutating func formUnion(_ other: SetBag) {
		store.formUnion(other.store)
	}

	mutating func formSymmetricDifference(_ other: SetBag) {
		store.formSymmetricDifference(other.store)
	}

	mutating func formIntersection(_ other: SetBag) {
		store.formIntersection(other.store)
	}
}
```

2. Create an extension of `SetBag` that conforms to `Defaults.SetAlgebraSerializable`

```swift
extension SetBag: Defaults.SetAlgebraSerializable {
	func toArray() -> [Element] {
		Array(store)
	}
}
```

3. Create some keys and enjoy it.

```swift
extension Defaults.Keys {
	static let stringSet = Key<SetBag<String>>("stringSet", default: SetBag(["Hello", "World!"]))
}

Defaults[.stringSet].contains("Hello") //=> true
Defaults[.stringSet].contains("World!") //=> true
```

## FAQ

### How can I store a dictionary of arbitrary values?

After `Defaults` v5, you don't need to use `Codable` to store dictionary, `Defaults` supports storing dictionary natively.
For `Defaults` support types, see [Support types](#support-types).

### How is this different from [`SwiftyUserDefaults`](https://github.com/radex/SwiftyUserDefaults)?

It's inspired by that package and other solutions. The main difference is that this module doesn't hardcode the default values and comes with Codable support.

## Maintainers

- [Sindre Sorhus](https://github.com/sindresorhus)
- [Kacper Rączy](https://github.com/fredyshox)
- [@hank121314](https://github.com/hank121314)

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